Withdrawing Life Support from Mechanically Ventilated Recipients of Bone Marrow Transplants: A Case for Evidence-Based Guidelines
1. Gordon D. Rubenfeld, MD; and
2. Stephen W. Crawford, MD
+ Author Affiliations
1. From the University of Washington and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Acknowledgments: The authors thank Kathleen Shannon-Dorcy, Jonda Barton, and Susan Treiber for their help in acquiring and abstracting charts and Gary Schoch for computer assistance. Grant Support: By the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (Dr. Rubenfeld); Public Health Service grants CA-18221, CA-18029, and CA-15704 from the National Cancer Institute; and Division of Health and Human Services grants HL-36444 and HL-30542 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Requests for Reprints: Gordon D. Rubenfeld, MD, Harborview Medical Center, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 325 9th Avenue, Box 359762, Seattle, WA 98104-2499. Current Author Addresses: Dr. Rubenfeld: Harborview Medical Center, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 325 9th Avenue, Box 359762, Seattle, WA 98104-2499.
Abstract
Background: Mechanical ventilation after bone marrow transplantation is associated with a high mortality rate. The available literature provides conflicting predictors of outcome in relatively small study groups.
Objective: To identify predictors of death and mortality trends in mechanically ventilated transplant recipients.
Design: Nested case–control study.
Setting: The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Washington, which specializes in bone marrow transplantation.
Patients: All survivors (cases, n = 53) and a group of patients matched for year of transplantation who did not survive (controls, n = 106) were selected from all mechanically ventilated patients (n = 865) who received a bone marrow transplant between January 1980 and July 1992. Patients who received mechanical ventilation for less than 24 hours after a procedure or who received mechanical ventilation after a second bone marrow transplantation were excluded.
Measurements: Surviving patients were defined as those who were alive 30 days after extubation and who were discharged from the hospital. Daily laboratory, physiologic, and treatment variables were collected.
Results: Survival was statistically associated with younger age, lower score on the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III, and a shorter time from transplantation to intubation. There were no survivors among an estimated 398 patients who had lung injury and either required more than 4 hours of vasopressor (epinephrine or medicine to keep her blood pressure from dropping, which she is still on…)support or had sustained hepatic (liver) and renal (kidney) failure. Through the use of these factors, an accurate prediction of death could have been made in the first 4 days of mechanical ventilation for more than half of the patients who did not survive. During the past 5 years, survival rate has changed from 5% to 16% (P = 0.008), an increase that was not explained by changes in the age of the patients, the rate or timing of intubation, or the percentage of allogeneic transplants that were not HLA-identical.
Conclusion: Of the patients who required mechanical ventilation after bone marrow transplantation, no one survived with lung injury combined with either hemodynamic instability (BLOOD MOVEMENT ISSUES) or hepatic (LIVER) and renal (KIDNEY) failure. However, survival after mechanical ventilation seems to be improving.
1. Gordon D. Rubenfeld, MD; and
2. Stephen W. Crawford, MD
+ Author Affiliations
1. From the University of Washington and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Acknowledgments: The authors thank Kathleen Shannon-Dorcy, Jonda Barton, and Susan Treiber for their help in acquiring and abstracting charts and Gary Schoch for computer assistance. Grant Support: By the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (Dr. Rubenfeld); Public Health Service grants CA-18221, CA-18029, and CA-15704 from the National Cancer Institute; and Division of Health and Human Services grants HL-36444 and HL-30542 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Requests for Reprints: Gordon D. Rubenfeld, MD, Harborview Medical Center, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 325 9th Avenue, Box 359762, Seattle, WA 98104-2499. Current Author Addresses: Dr. Rubenfeld: Harborview Medical Center, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 325 9th Avenue, Box 359762, Seattle, WA 98104-2499.
Abstract
Background: Mechanical ventilation after bone marrow transplantation is associated with a high mortality rate. The available literature provides conflicting predictors of outcome in relatively small study groups.
Objective: To identify predictors of death and mortality trends in mechanically ventilated transplant recipients.
Design: Nested case–control study.
Setting: The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Washington, which specializes in bone marrow transplantation.
Patients: All survivors (cases, n = 53) and a group of patients matched for year of transplantation who did not survive (controls, n = 106) were selected from all mechanically ventilated patients (n = 865) who received a bone marrow transplant between January 1980 and July 1992. Patients who received mechanical ventilation for less than 24 hours after a procedure or who received mechanical ventilation after a second bone marrow transplantation were excluded.
Measurements: Surviving patients were defined as those who were alive 30 days after extubation and who were discharged from the hospital. Daily laboratory, physiologic, and treatment variables were collected.
Results: Survival was statistically associated with younger age, lower score on the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III, and a shorter time from transplantation to intubation. There were no survivors among an estimated 398 patients who had lung injury and either required more than 4 hours of vasopressor (epinephrine or medicine to keep her blood pressure from dropping, which she is still on…)support or had sustained hepatic (liver) and renal (kidney) failure. Through the use of these factors, an accurate prediction of death could have been made in the first 4 days of mechanical ventilation for more than half of the patients who did not survive. During the past 5 years, survival rate has changed from 5% to 16% (P = 0.008), an increase that was not explained by changes in the age of the patients, the rate or timing of intubation, or the percentage of allogeneic transplants that were not HLA-identical.
Conclusion: Of the patients who required mechanical ventilation after bone marrow transplantation, no one survived with lung injury combined with either hemodynamic instability (BLOOD MOVEMENT ISSUES) or hepatic (LIVER) and renal (KIDNEY) failure. However, survival after mechanical ventilation seems to be improving.
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